Hardness pdf removal

In all cases, we have to increase or reduce the amount of lime used by 5. Clearly, figures 5. If we limit ourselves to precipitating calcium carbonate, the ideal setting will be obtained for:.

In practice, if we are treating water where the permanent hardness is partly due to magnesium, this rule may be ignored and the problem examined on a case-by-case basis. To lower the M-alk. In practice, the amount of caustic soda injected into water must be adjusted so that we obtain a minimum amount of residual M-alk..

If we are only aiming for a partial reduction e. When the reagent used is sodium hydroxide, the above calculation applies:. Cookies ensure that our website works properly. By continuing to browse this website, you accept third-party cookies used to carry out user behavior research in order to help us improve current content and functionalities. To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Removal of hardness from drinking water by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, Rajesh Bhatti.

A short summary of this paper. Removal of hardness from drinking water by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes. Nemade et al. Patil 2, S. Kadbhane 2, M. Patil 2, Y. Corresponding author: Email: pravin. Email: yhtcivil. Moreover, soft water is examine the removal of hardness by electrocoagulation preferred to be hard enough to prevent Nephritis.

Hence, process from drinking water using iron rod electrodes in batch water hardness is one of the compounds which has to be mode. The purpose of this study was to investigate the removed and its process is called water softening [2]. WHO efficiency of EC process in removal of water hardness through Recommendation for drinking water's hardness is based on iron-rod electrodes in varying conditions.

Numerous sample was taken from water distribution network of local technologies which need adding chemicals for water area Pune City, Maharashtra state, India. The indices for softening, are chemical precipitation and ion exchange and calcium and total hardness removal in pH 4.

The maximum distillation and evaporation [4, 5]. These techniques have efficiency of hardness removal which was obtained at pH some problems such as increased sludge, permanent water Final pH of remained solution has also increased effluent post treatment and disposal of residual sludge [2, 6]. One of these techniques is process.

This procedure has a broader potential to improve the 1. Water is elixir of life and available for human consumption Electrocoagulation process involves three stages; coagulant limited and likewise, available drinking water has been formation through dissolution of metal ions of anode reactor reduced because of the pollution created naturally and due to electrode, destabilization of pollutants, suspended particles anthropogenic activities.

Amongst water quality parameters, and de-emulsification, and aggregation of instable phases and hardness is generated due to carbonates of calcium, floc-forming [12]. Destabilization of pollutants, suspended magnesium and in lower traces; aluminum, iron and other particles and de-emulsification mechanism can be established bivalent and trivalent. Furthermore, water hardness is a vital through dispersed double layer compression, ion parameter in industrial water consumption in manufacturing neutralization species existing in water and wastewaters, and of high-quality products [1].

Hard water causes many flocs and sludge forming [9]. In this study, iron electrodes problems in domestic and industrial consumptions like scale have been used in electrocoagulation EC process.

Flocs generated through EC process are much larger 5 Turbidity 2 to 4 ppm than chemical flocs and contain more stable acid duric and 6 Temperature 28 to 30 0C less water bonds [24].

Gases produced through anode and 7 pH 7. There are various techniques for removal of water hardness each with its own special advantages and disadvantages. Electrochemical or electrocoagulation method due to its simplicity has gained a … Expand.

Investigation of electrocoagulation reactor design parameters effect on the removal of cadmium from synthetic and phosphate industrial wastewater. Abstract This study investigates the effect of reactor design parameters on cadmium removal from industrial wastewater discharged by the Tunisian Chemical Group TCG to improve as much as possible … Expand. Mine Water and the Environment. This study evaluated electrocoagulation using Al electrodes for removal of non-carbonate hardness in phosphate mining process water.

Examination of process parameters identified optimal conditions … Expand. Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the development, design and applications of electrochemical technologies in water and wastewater treatment. Particular focus was given to electrodeposition, electrocoagulation … Expand. Experimental study on electrocoagulation of textile wastewater by continuous horizontal flow through aluminum baffles.

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.